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1991 Mt Pinatubo, Phillipines, Volcano by Hannah

Page history last edited by Leah 10 years, 3 months ago

Mt. Pinatubo Eruption

Created by Hannah Lawry

 

   

Mount Pinatubo lies in the Cabulisan

Mountain Range.

Pinatubo lies on the island of Luzon, a lush, rural island in the 

Philippines. Luzon is the largest island of the Philippines.

 

Geography

1. Luzon is the economic center of the Philippines; its capital is Manila

2. Its population stands at 44.35 million residents, of which Manila holds about half

3. Luzon has many mountain ranges along its coasts

4. Mt. Pinatubos eruption was ten times as devastating as Mt. St. Helens eruption

5. Manila is quite close in range to the eruption of Pinatubo

 

   

The red circle indicates where the Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates collided. 

This created a convergent boundary type.

Mt. Pinatubo was formed when the Philippine Sea Plate was subducted underneath the 

Eurasian Plate.

 

Plate Tectonics and Boundary Types

1. The boundary type causing the eruption was a convergent boundary,

which is when two plates slide directly toward each other

2. The two plates involved were the Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates

3. The reason for the plate's increased movement was because of a 7.8 magnitude

earthquake rumbling just a year before, which sped up the slow movement of the plates

4. The stress type associated with the eruption was compression, aka, subduction;

this is when the plates squeeze each other, in this case, pushing the magma to the surface

as it has no where else to go

 

 

   

During the eruption, when the plates squeezed each other, the magma rose 

quickly and powerfully. Because of the position and force of the magma, the lava was able to find many

vents to escape the volcano, mainly the summit.

This picture shows the sheer power of the volcano, as the ash actually

reached about 22 miles into the air. That is about the distance from Earth to the middle of

the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth's atmosphere.

 

The Eruption 

1. Mount Pinatubo had not erupted for 500 years, leaving citizens of Luzon

to believe that it was asleep and resting for awhile longer

2. But, to their utmost shock, on June 12, 1991, gas-charged magma rose

to the surface and spewed all around the area

3. On the 15th, the magma ejected even stronger and sent the crust and layers

of the volcano tumbling down the side of itself

4. This jarring sight was just as jarring as the distance the magma

covered and how high it reached: 22 miles high, 400 cubic km wide

5. The magma itself reached 400 cubic km wide but the gases and ash

were followed by satellites around the whole earth a couple of times!

6. After the eruption, the summit of the volcano collapsed, creating

a caldera, something that, after an eruption, uses fallen land to create a sort of

crater on the volcano’s surface that takes the place of the direct hole after the

summit of the volcano collapses

 

   

This is Mt. Pinatubo before the eruption and the forming of the caldera.

This is the caldera formed after the eruption of Pinatubo.

 

 

 

The After Effects

1. The eruption itself was terrible and devastating, yet

what was caused afterward was just as bad

2. One such devastation was a series of small earthquakes that, after

the plates underneath Mt. Pinatubo had shaken tremendously, left many

towns in ruins

3. Along with this, Tropical Storm Yunya was passing by, striking

and mixing with the ash and gas that Pinatubo spewed. This created

tephra, a substance of gas, rock, and ash, and this spread all over the island

of Luzon

4. Although 58,000 people were evacuated prior to the eruption, this

volcano and its after effects left 847 killed, and 100,000

homeless.

 

 

 

   
The after effects of the eruption. 

Many homes were run over by

countless lahar. 

 

 

 

 

Quick Facts

  • This volcanic eruption was the second                              

worst in the entire century

"The impacts of the eruption continue to this day."

  • This eruption had a VEI of 6, a very high

volcanic explosivity intensity, as the highest it can be is 8 

  • Nearly 20 million tons of sulfer dioxide were emitted

into the atmosphere following the eruption

  • Agricultural fields covered in lahar, a mudslide of

rock, ash, magma, and mud, will still be unusable for many

more years 

  • Ash made heavier by rain was capable of taking

down roofs, which it did to many

 

 

 

 

 

Essay #1- Plate Tectonic Relations 

     Mt. Pinatubo had been in a deep slumber for 500 years. Why then, did it suddenly reawaken? The answer

is the movement of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are always on the move, and when the Eurasian Plate

and the Philippine Sea Plate collided, starting a magnitude 7.8 earthquake known as the Luzon Earthquake. This, although

thought to be harmless to Mt. Pinatubo erupting, actually jiggled the plates under Pinatubo and starting compression, when

two plates are literally pressed together. A year later, the magma from Mt. Pinatubo found its way out.

     The way Pinatubos eruption connects to plate tectonics is because if the two plates had not collided,

Pinatubo most likely, would not have exploded. Compression, when two plates collide and squeeze each other, is what 

happened to the plates beneath Pinatubo. By doing so, the lithosphere pushed up bits of land which forced the magma in the magma

chambers to find a vent. This pushed the magma, therefore, creating an eruption. Although the plate tectonics' convergent aspect,

the hit of the plates might have been strong enough to start the volcano. Yet, the earthquake that occurred before only made

the force and impact stronger, and moved the plates a bit further at a higher speed than usual.

 

 

 

Essay #2- Effects of the Volcanic Eruption

     There were many impacts to society, the environment and more after the eruption. Some examples include the

countless houses and bridges that needed replacing and repairing. In addition to this, the harvest for 1991 

was ruined completely, and farmland was in desperate need of attention, as lahars had taken most

of it. Over 650,000 residents of Luzon lost their jobs. The ash of the volcanoes made water undrinkable and air

difficult to breathe in. The innumerable lahars took over rivers and river banks along with anything else in their

way. But, unfortunately, global cooling caused by ash in the atmosphere changed by .5 celsius, a large

change in global cooling, and one that is serious in the minds of scientists studying global warming and cooling.

     This incredibly deadly volcano was terrible in its devastations yet it didn't do much harm to the population.

Why? Because of the evacuation of 58,000 people before the eruption. If this hadn't happened, for sure 5,000 lives

would be lost, and most likely many more as well. The cost of the repair for Luzon's ruined homes

and sites took billions of pesos to repay. Mt. Pinatubo also took down largest military force centers in

the Philippines and left a lot of damage to clean. Yet, we can be very thankful that an evacuation happened. 

 

 

 

Summary of Essay #2

 

Economic Effects  Environmental Effects  Social Effects 

Houses and Bridges taken down

by Tephra and ash 

Volcanic ash and tephra

spread all over fields and homes 

58,000 people

evacuated 

Billions of pesos needed to repay

and rebuild Luzon's towns and cities

Lahars ruin river banks and

rivers in general

847 lost lives; many because

of collapsing roofs 

Farmland and the harvest of 1991

was diminished and 650,000 jobs lost 

Global cooling reduced by .5

celsius, a big reduce in global warming

and cooling 

100,000 left homeless

and gone to live in shanties

in Manila 

 

 

 

                     

People flee from area around Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

 

 

 

Sources:

Video

http://youtu.be/NQzGjGKdGvQ

Informational

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index 

http://www.learner.org/interactives/volcanoes/ 

http://www.volcanofacts.org/

http://volcanism.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/iceland-eyjafjallajokull-volcano-erupts/ 

http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/pinatubo.htm

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo

http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/volcanoes2.htm

Photos

All of sources in informational section +

beringia.com

thelavazone.wikispaces.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

         

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

Comments (9)

Caroline Higgins said

at 3:47 pm on Dec 21, 2013

HANNAH AWESOME JOB!!! I really enjoy your pictures and I like how you did a summary of the Essay 2 question!!!!!!!!! Nice jobbbbb!!!!!

Leah said

at 10:22 am on Dec 23, 2013

Hannah, Your page looks great! So much information, really well organized and very effective photo/diagram choices. I really like how you summarized the effects! Great work. Thanks.

Meredith McBride said

at 12:28 pm on Jan 8, 2014

Nice work! This has a ton of information and pictures. I love your Essay #2 Summary. :O)

Preston Adams said

at 12:58 pm on Jan 8, 2014

Nice Job!! Great information, your pictures helped me understand more. Nice -_-

Maggie Noone said

at 1:01 pm on Jan 8, 2014

GREAT JOB HANNAH! You had so much detail that really explained how the volcano erupted! I liked your video. I liked your diagrams and all of your other pictures!

Garrett Berry said

at 1:09 pm on Jan 8, 2014

Good job. You put a lot of detail. I see you went above and beyond with the photos and detail.

Lauren Kelley said

at 1:09 pm on Jan 8, 2014

Great job Hannah, I can tell you put a lot of handwork into your project!! I loved your video and all of your detailed information. Great job Hannah!!!

Mack Forman said

at 1:30 pm on Jan 8, 2014

This is a great page. I love alap of the disruption that you included in your page. This was done very well, and it looks great. good work.

Leah said

at 10:57 pm on Jan 13, 2014

Hannah, A very detailed, thoughtful and accurate portrayal of this devastating event. I feel like you really "taught' us about this earthquake and its effects. I love how you began your essay on plate tectonics--this really intrigued me and grabbed my attention. You have such a way with words! Excellent work all around. Thanks.

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